In November 2025, something rare happened in Nairobi, Kenya. People who are usually treated at worst as data points or risk scores and at best as ‘beneficiaries’ of innovation gathered as equals to collectively reflect on how technology is reshaping migration, borders, and power.
The occasion was the first in-person gathering of the Migration and Technology Monitor (MTM) Fellowship, a global initiative that supports people with lived experiences of migration and occupation to investigate, document, and challenge the technologies governing their lives.
Fellows travelled to Nairobi from across Africa, the Middle East, Southeast Asia, Europe, and the Americas. Some arrived after long, costly visa processes. Others were prevented from coming at the last minute, a reminder that borders do not pause even for those invited to discuss them.
This tension between connection and exclusion, care and control, lies at the heart of MTM’s work.
Borders as testing grounds
Over the past decade, artificial intelligence (AI), automation, and data-driven systems have become central to how states control borders and manage migration. From biometric databases and predictive risk scoring to drones, spyware, and social media monitoring, borders have become laboratories for high-risk technological experimentation.
These tools are often introduced under the banners of efficiency, security, or innovation, but they operate in spaces where accountability is weakest and rights are most easily suspended. Crucially, people-on-the-move are almost always the first to experience these systems and the last to be consulted about them.
Much of this technological expansion is driven not only by states, but by a powerful and largely unaccountable border industry made up of defence contractors, data brokers, and tech firms that profit from exclusion. In this ecosystem, people-on-the-move are simultaneously framed as security threats and market opportunities, turning borders into lucrative sites of experimentation where harm is externalized and accountability is diffuse - where migration is seen as a problem to be solved by increasingly technological solutions, making passive profit for the private sector and centring power in computer labs and board rooms.
The Migration and Technology Monitor was created in 2020 to challenge this imbalance. Rather than producing research about affected communities, MTM is built on a participatory principle long articulated by disability justice movements and decolonial struggles alike: Nothing about us, without us.
After a rigorous application process (in 2025, we received 510 applications from all around the world), which includes vetting by the previous cohort of fellows, our colleagues-on-the-move are invited to incubate their work at the MTM for 12 months, supported by a full-time stipend, monthly webinars, and various resource support. In the three cohorts, we have incubated 16 fellows from all over the world and watched a unique global community take shape.
Our recently released report goes into broader detail of our methodology, lessons learned, and where we hope to go from here.
A different kind of fellowship
MTM’s Fellowship Program flips the traditional research model on its head. Fellows are not research assistants or ‘field contacts’. They are investigators, researchers, journalists, technologists, artists, and organisers with lived experience of displacement – experts in their own right, people with lived experience of migration who are funded, supported, and trusted to lead inquiry into the technologies shaping their worlds.
Over the past three years, fellows have documented spyware attacks against journalists-on-the-move, biometric surveillance in refugee camps, algorithmic profiling at borders, digital harms faced by LGBTQI+ communities in displacement, and the quiet ways people resist and survive technological control. This work is deeply contextual. It is rooted in specific places like refugee camps, border zones, cities, and online platforms, and in everyday realities often invisible to policymakers and technologists. It is also collaborative: fellows learn from one another across regions, sharing strategies, tools, and care.
Supporting this work requires more than research funding. It means investing in digital security, psychosocial support, translation, and trust. It means accepting that knowledge production is slow, relational, and sometimes messy, especially when it is done with the explicit recognition that people with lived experience are the true experts on what is happening in their lives and communities.
Our goal at the MTM is not blind benevolence. Rather, we strive to integrate the expertise of our colleagues-on-the-move into broader debates on the future use of technology, especially because lived experience is hardly ever taken into account by stakeholders in the field, especially those developing and deploying technologies in the Global North.
The Nairobi gathering
After nearly a year of planning, the Nairobi gathering was the first time many of these collaborators met in person. Our fellows were joined by an invited group of stakeholders from the Global North working on border tech, and over two days, participants shared work, reflected on failures and successes, and named the emotional toll of researching harm while living inside it.
Importantly, the gathering was not a conference designed to extract insights for reports destined for distant audiences. It was a co-learning space, shaped by fellows themselves, that centred collective care, accountability, and future-building (we were also joined by some surprise spouses and two babies – a real look to the future!)
Participants spoke openly about the risks they face: transnational surveillance, online harassment, criminalisation, and burnout. They also spoke about joy, solidarity, and the power of being in a room where lived experience was not treated as anecdotal, but as expertise.
That shift, from being studied to being heard, is political – and powerful, too.
Towards a manifesto
One of the most significant outcomes of the gathering is the MTM Manifesto, a living document drafted by the MTM fellows. It is not a fixed policy document or a set of technical recommendations. Instead, it is a living articulation of values and principles for how technology in migration contexts should be imagined, governed, and resisted, written by those most affected.
The core text is published as the base for a more experience-inclusive debate on technology and how it affects all of us. The public is also invited to leave comments and make suggestions, which will gradually be transformed into amendments to the manifesto.
While the current narratives around migration frequently foster a mentality of ‘them vs us’, we instead aim at an open, inclusive, constructive, and holistic approach. Discussing the impacts of technology and formulating future guidelines functions as a connecting agent and allows us to also look at migration from different angles.
The manifesto recognises that movement is part of being human. It insists that technological systems are never neutral. It names how racism, colonialism, and profit shape innovation. It calls for data minimisation, consent, and community control. And it challenges the assumption that technological ‘solutions’ are inevitable or desirable.
Importantly, the manifesto is being developed as a participatory, iterative process. While a text has been drafted, the manifesto will live on as an ‘online social sculpture’, open to dialogue rather than closure, inviting mobile communities to comment, discuss, disagree, and dream together. In doing so, the MTM manifesto resists the extractive logic that so often characterises global tech governance.
Why this matters now
The technologies tested at borders do not stay there. Systems like biometric databases, predictive policing, and mass surveillance are first deployed on mobile communities and then become normalised and expanded across societies. What happens at the margins becomes the blueprint for the rest.
Migration is therefore not a niche issue. It is a warning.
MTM’s work clearly demonstrates that people-on-the-move are not passive subjects of surveillance. They are witnesses, documenters, and organisers. They adapt technologies to survive, expose abuses, and imagine alternatives rooted in dignity and care. As global authoritarianism rises and AI reshapes governance at breakneck speed, the question is not whether technology will shape human movement. It already does. The real question is who gets to shape that technology – and on whose terms.
In Nairobi, for a brief moment, that answer felt different. And the work of making it last continues.
‘Nothing About Us, Without Us’: Click here to read and contribute to Migration and Tech Monitor’s Manifesto for Technology as a Tool to Strengthen Society
