When I first left Nepal to work as a salesman in Saudi Arabia, my contract said my new employer would provide accommodation. It didn’t state what kind of accommodation, but I didn’t give it much thought. I assumed it would be reasonable, perhaps a shared room offering basic dignity.
On arrival, I found I was expected to sleep on the floor of one room with five other people. At that moment, I realised that the problem was not only the company’s treatment of its migrant workers, but also my own lack of clarity and awareness.
My contract had been vague, and I did not know how to ask the right questions.
That day was the start of my understanding of how important it is for migrant workers to have information, clarity, and awareness. Since then, I have worked closely with migrant communities across South Asia, the Gulf, and Southeast Asia, delivering training and awareness programs on workers’ rights, employment contracts, digital safety and fraud risks.
Above all, these experiences have taught me that exploitation is often not violent or visible. It is digital and financial, and it’s usually hidden inside everyday systems.
Migrant workers’ lives are no longer shaped only by borders, visas, or airports; they are managed by platforms, contracts, data systems, financial tools, and social media. If workers do not fully understand what is written – or not written – in their contracts, they unknowingly accept conditions that directly affect their dignity and well-being. If data is recorded incorrectly, workers pay the price. If awareness is missing, years of hard work can disappear silently.
Take Nepal. Like many other countries across the world, its government increasingly promotes digital systems as solutions to migration problems. The Department of Foreign Employment runs a database for Nepali workers leaving the country for foreign employment, which stores everything from a worker’s pre-departure approval to their final clearance, as well as data such as their salary, company name, job position, and even family contact details.
In theory, if the correct data is entered, it is linked to other systems, such as the Social Security Fund. But if details such as email addresses, phone numbers, or employment information are incorrect, inaccurate data moves across systems and creates long-term problems.
In practice, I have seen many cases where recruitment agents or agencies enter incomplete or incorrect information, either accidentally due to poor digital literacy or negligence, or internationally to speed up processes, bypass requirements, or align records with recruitment or employer interests, often without the worker’s informed consent. This means migrant workers often do not know what data has been uploaded under their name, nor do they understand the consequences of errors.
When problems arise abroad, the system protects the paperwork – not the person.
Technology itself is not the main problem; lack of awareness and accountability is. When workers understand how these systems work and insist on correct data, the same technology can become a tool for protection.
Harder than leaving? Returning
Two realities often ignored in migration policy: migrant workers have a limited earning window and little financial literacy.
Most migrants work abroad for a fixed number of years. Employment contracts end, renewals are uncertain, and many workers are abroad without their children or families. Over time, this family separation, combined with visa limits, job insecurity, health concerns, or the need to care for ageing parents, pushes workers to return home.
But while they are living away from home, workers face long working hours, family pressure, rising expenses, and emotional stress. Saving and investing are often postponed. Many think, पहिले कमाउँछु, पछि सोचौँला – first I will earn, later I will think.
But ‘later’ often comes too late.
Petra Molnar
I regularly meet migrant workers who earned consistently for years but returned home with little savings, no regular income and no updated skills. As one returnee put it, “going abroad was hard, but coming back was harder.” Another told me: “I sent money every month, but I never learned how to save or invest.” By the time he returned, inflation had already reduced the value of his earnings, and his daily expenses had doubled.
In both cases, the issue was not a lack of hard work. It was a lack of financial guidance while they were earning. When the salary stops and the cost of living continues to rise, the absence of planning turns return into a crisis rather than a transition. Even basic inflation-beating saving or investment knowledge could change outcomes.
This is why financial planning and skill development are critical. Migration should not only be about sending remittances; it should be about preparing for life after migration.
Awareness is protection
A close friend of mine once received a job offer for seasonal work in the UK. The documents looked professional, and the opportunity sounded promising, so he quit his job and sent over the necessary personal documents and $400 for a “work permit processing charge”, which he was told would be refunded upon arrival.
When he shared the details with me, I immediately recognised signs of fraud.
Days later, the same people asked him for another $600 for “visa processing”. This follows a familiar pattern, with fraudsters making an initial request for a smaller amount of money and gradually inventing new reasons to demand more. I shared similar cases with him to stop the process before further harm.
Many migrants are not as lucky. Fraud related to job and visa offers has become increasingly common. Similar scams appear through fake lottery wins, parcel messages, and cheap shopping offers. These scams thrive not because migrants are careless, but because trusted information is limited and pressure to find opportunities is high.
One thing is clear: awareness changes outcomes.
A worker who understands contracts is harder to exploit. A worker who understands money is harder to trap in debt. A worker who understands digital systems is harder to silence.
Financial, digital, and social media literacy do not eliminate exploitation. But they reduce vulnerability and return some power to migrants themselves.
Toward migration with dignity
Language barriers mean migrant workers often lack access to television, radio, or trusted local-language information. Online news can be confusing, and many workers struggle to distinguish between reliable information and misinformation.
This knowledge gap led migrant workers I knew in Saudi Arabia to frequently face serious consequences over everyday issues. I saw many co-workers fined 400 United Arab Emirates Dirham (around $110) – half their monthly salary – simply for crossing the road at the wrong place, without knowing local rules.
Social media rules in host countries can also be strict. Without proper awareness, workers sometimes shared rumors or unverified information online. I personally witnessed cases where migrant workers were detained or jailed simply for sharing content they did not fully understand.
This showed me that social media can either expose migrants to harm or become a tool for protection – depending on how it is used. In 2017, while I was still working abroad, I began offering Facebook Live sessions that focused on practical, everyday issues migrant workers face: understanding employment contracts, avoiding recruitment fraud, basic digital safety on social media, how to verify information before sharing it, and simple financial literacy such as saving, remittances, and avoiding debt traps. The goal was to make complex systems understandable and reduce risks through awareness.
If migration technology is truly meant to protect people, education must be at its core. Systems alone are not enough. Data alone is not enough. Platforms alone are not enough. Migration justice is not only about crossing borders safely. It is about helping people navigate money, technology, and information with dignity, confidence, and agency.
Financial, digital, and social media literacy are not optional skills; they essentially shape a person’s experience as a migrant. I continue to educate migrant workers on their rights, digital and social media literacy, fraud awareness, and financial literacy, but governments and companies cannot be complacent. They, too, must work to help people navigate migration systems more safely and with confidence. Technology cannot continue to be used to curtail the rights of migrant workers.
This article is part of Migration and Tech Monitor’s series, ‘Nothing About Us, Without Us’. Click here to read and contribute to MTM’s Manifesto for Technology as a Tool to Strengthen Society
